Alcoholism a Disease or Choice Essay Example for Free

3 Steps to Acing Your Upcoming Group Interview You’ve been approached in for a board meet. Perhaps you’re threatened. Perhaps frightened. Possibly you’re not even sure you comprehend what that really involves. Whatever your degree of fear, here are three simple strides to traversing your board meet tranquilly and in one piece. Stage 1: BEFOREYou reserve the privilege to ask who will be on your board. Do this. At that point inquire about each board part as well as could be expected. You’ll have the option to make sense of a considerable amount and get ready better for what each may be generally quick to ask you. What does this specific gathering of individuals educate you regarding what the organization is attempting to assess?You can likewise ask to what extent (generally) the meeting should last. This will give you a nice sentiment for what amount to and fro conversation will be conceivable, how much space you’ll be given to pose inquiries, to what extent your answers can be, etc.Step 2: DURING Treat every individual on the board like an individual not simply one more anonymous face. This isn't an indifferent divider asking you inquiries. Every questioner on your board is another chance to make a human association and persuade that a lot more individuals in the organization what an extraordinary fit you would be.Be sure to observe everybody’s name as they are presented. Record every one if that causes you recall. When responding to questions, talk straightforwardly to the person who asked, yet then attempt to widen your answer out to cause the remainder of the board to feel remembered for the discussion.Step 3: AFTERYou’ve took in their names and put forth an attempt to interface with each board part presently thank every single one of them earnestly withâ solid eye to eye connection and a quality handshake. From that point forward, it’s the typical post-meet follow-up methodology. Be that as it may, recall that you have to keep in touch with one card to say thanks for each board part. It appears to be a torment, however it’s these little contacts that will help set you apart.The board talk with: 6 hints for previously, during, and after

Three Passions free essay sample

Living in a Foreign Country Living endlessly from home your nation can be a truly intriguing and exceptional experience, and yet it has significant impacts on our life. I moved to U. S in 2005 and that was a hard choice to leave my nation. I was just 18 years of age and I had no educational experience. At that point, everything changed, for the best I think. One impact is that once I began a standard life away from home, I miss everything. This reality doesn't imply that I am troubled however that I am mindful of being all alone. Missing my family and the consideration that they all paid to me is normal detail. Subtleties like sitting on Sunday early daytime staring at the TV with my sibling or having a pleasant visit with my mother causes me to acknowledge how significant family truly is. I miss all the offices that I used to have back home, similar to my home, my bed and my washroom. We will compose a custom exposition test on Three Passions or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Other impact is figuring out how to acknowledge an alternate sort of society and culture in my day by day life. This is a nation with various traditions and customs from mine. I needed to make new companions, learned different purposes of perspectives, and acknowledged individuals feeling and worth. The language was the most hard to become accustomed to it and to learn. Rather listen my local language constantly; I needed to listen individuals talking in English. The most noteworthy impact of living route from home is the autonomy conduct that had becomes within me. Living all alone a long way from my family gives me a ton of encounters toward sorting out my life. I need to go to class, tidy up my room, wash my garments and take care of every one of my tabs, this is implies that I have a decent duty. Being free and mindful causes me get past life each objective that I need to accomplish. Living a long way from home, can be extremely hard toward the start. I need to recall that all progressions are troublesome, however they are important to experience. Generally significant of all, it encourages me value everything that I have. I understand that I am so fortunate to be here, on the grounds that lone great open door has come since I arrived. I need to make the best out of them.

Product Review Essay Samples

Product Review Essay SamplesProduct review essay samples are available in a wide variety of formats. Some are online, others come in pdf format. If you are planning to publish your review and cover letter on your own website, then you may want to consider the many options open to you.For example, when it comes to product review essay samples, there are many ways to express your point of view. For example, you can use bullet points or lists and then include a few paragraphs to explain what makes a product unique or valuable. This is a great way to cover the basic idea of your review in as little time as possible without it feeling like you are too serious.Another option for writing product review essay samples is to use one large paragraph that summarizes the key ideas you want to get across. For example, your general purpose is to demonstrate why your review is worth reading. You may want to try to put in as much information about the content of the book as possible, then provide mor e information in the paragraphs that follow. This method also allows you to express a point of view without being too flippant or too formal.Another option you have is to simply use a large paragraph and then add in bullet points. This is a great choice if you are looking to use a short review but want to convey the same important message in a quick manner. For example, if you are writing an in-depth review of a college book, then this is a great way to go.If you have written your special field of expertise, then you may find it helpful to write about that in the special field. If you were a journalist, for example, you could try to show that you are a great writer using a professional review essay sample.Some of the essay samples I have used to give written review of a entirebook include things like: I liked the book, but I did not buy it because it did not have enough variety. I recommend that people try to write a review using their expertise as well as their feelings. By writing with passion, your review will be more interesting and memorable than those that are written without passion.Once you have a specific writer for your review, then you can rest assured that you are not just speaking from your point of view. This is a great way to take all of the clutter out of writing a review, and be able to focus on the main ideas without making it feel like you are talking about yourself alone.

Competition and US Antitrust Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3188 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Tags: Competition Essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION The boundaries of a business conduct that can be defined as anticompetitive and exclusionary is still one of the most debated issues in the United States Antitrust Law (hereinafter US Antitrust Law) today. The business conducts that intends to decrease the competition in the relevent market is widely considered as violation under the Sherman Antirust Act dated 1890 (hereinafter Sherman Act), which aims to prevent the trusts and monopolization. As mentioned above by way of protecting the competition, Sherman Act foresees some provisions where it prohibits the contracts, combinations or conspiracies that are to preclude competition and harm other competitiors. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Competition and US Antitrust Law" essay for you Create order Therefore these forms shall be illegal under Sherman Act to the extent they limit the commerce(KUSSE, 1984).[1] Under the US Antitrust Case Law and also by many leading scholars, it is widely accepted that a company is free to refuse to deal with a competitor if this behavior is not an attempt to monopolize the market. This paper will mainly focus on this assumption in light of the present US Law. In particular, in general, the Colgate doctrine revelaed that a competitor has the right to refuse to deal with a rival and if a monopoly power firm is not intended to create monopolization, the Sherman Act does not restrict the monopolist to freely choose the person/rival to deal. [2] When considering the Colgate doctine as starting point, this essay will argue the well known Aspen Case, in order to examine to what extent monopolists have an affirmative duty to deal with a rival. The limits of this right were drawn later by other US Supreme Court decision by considering the essetial fac ilities doctrine. Aspen is one of these cases where the Supreme Court concluded that the competitors right to refuse to deal with a rival competitior is not unquantified however the Court did not adopted the essential facilities doctrine. Therefore this doctrine will not be the subject of this paper instead it will be referred slightly when necessary. The facts of the Aspen case will be analyzed below further however just to give an overview it is noteworthy to mention beforehand that the dispute arose between two ski resort companies namely; Aspen Skiin and Aspen Highlands, which for many years contributed to a joint marketing of a ticket to the skiers which gives access to eachothers mountains.[3] However Aspen Skiing discontinued its participation in this joint ticket program with Aspen Highlands. In Aspen Case, the Supreme Court concluded that since the defendant monopolist could not prove the justification to its refusal to cooperate to market a joint ski lift ticket that it formerly supplied to the Claimant was to obtain or at least was to cause monopoly violates Section 2 of the Sherman Act.[4] RELEVANT FACTS OF THE CASE Aspen Case between two ski resort companies in Aspen, Colorado in the USA i.e. Aspen Highlands (hereinafter Aspen Higlands) and Aspen Skiing Co. (hereinafter Aspen Skiing) is a United States Supreme Court case dated 1985 which has significance effect with regard to the abuse of dominant position. By the time of the dispute was first brought to the US Federal District Court, tehere were four ski resorts in Aspen Mountain; only one of them was owned by Aspen Higland and the rest of the resorts were owned by a single resort namely Aspen Skiing. The Parties had, for several years, to be more specific-until 1978- contributed into a joint marketing plan to sell a ski ticket called a 4-area All Aspen ticket which allowed the skiers to visit all of the Mountains without considering at which resort they stay and the revenues from these sales were shared between the parties in accordance with the coupons collected everyday. However, in 1978, Aspen Skiing abused its dominant position by it will not continue to sell its visitors the all-Aspen ticket if Aspen Highlands would not accept a fixed share of revenue which will in long term will hamper rival competition and therefore not considered as normal competition.[5] After long negotiations, Highlands accepted a fixed percentage which is a bit higher than what was offered by Aspen Skiing, which was leter further decreased by Aspen Skiing. [6] Because this offer was unaccapteble for Aspen Highland and therefore had not been accepted by Aspen Highlands, Aspen Skiing discountinued to sell the all-Aspen tickets. Notwithstanding Aspen Skiing started to act in a way where it stoped to offer any lift tickets to Aspen Highlands visitors to enable them to ski at the the Aspen Skiing Mountains as well. This attitude economicly harmed Aspen Highlands since it prevent Aspen Highlands from offering skiers visiting its resort any ticket for giving acces to all mountains (multi- area ticket). In spite of this Aspen Skiing was a ble to offer a 3-area, 6-day ticket which made it the only resort in the market that can give oppourtunity to visit more than one mountain during their visit and therefore the visitor who wants to ski on different mountains had to visit the Aspen Skiings resort. In addition to that, to promote this ticket, Aspen Skiing started an advertising campaign that influenced people who were unfamiliar with Aspen where it changed its picture of the four mountains in the Airport-Aspen Airways waiting room. The new sign referred to its three mountains only.[7] These actions of Aspen Skiing harmed Aspen Highlands so deeply that it became very hard to survive in the market as a result of which Aspen Highlands became a day ski area. Consequently, Aspen Highlands market share faced a steady downfall after it discountinued to sell the multiarea tickets.[8] Aspen Highlands revenues from associated skiing facilities and services declined sharply as well. Eventually in 1979, Aspen Highlands filed a case before the United States District Court alleging that Aspen Skiings unilateral refusal to continue selling a joint ticket launced by the competitors was to attempt to monopolize the market under Sherman Act- Section 2. In 1985, the case was taken to the Supreme Court, wherein the Supreme Court concluded that Aspen Skiings refusal to deal with a rival competitor was exclusionary since it made a change in the longlasting joint marketing program between the parties on some basis other than efficiency which can be defined as predatory.[9] The Supreme Court more specifically reasoned its decision based on the fact that refusal to deal violates antirust law only when it is to maintain a monopoly power and Aspen Skiing without any justified reason cut a longlasting cooperation with its rival.[10] Prior to Aspen Case, almost al of the US Supreme Court case have evaluated the refusal to deal concept within the framework of essential facilities doctrine under which a monopolist is to deal with a competitior if a monopolist has the control of a facility essential for its rival to compete and it has denied the use of this facility to a rival without a valid business reason. Aspen Case is therefore important that it did not adopt the essential facilities doctrine, which was being critizied by many leading scholars.[11] The reason of the criticism was that most of the courts interpreted the essential facilities doctrine and concluded that it gives a general duty to deal with a rival. This was negated by the Aspen case where the court concluded that Aspen Skiings refusal to deal with Aspen Highlands was exclusionary when considering the fact that Aspen Skiing could not be able to prove an efficiency justification for its refusal and further the Court did not evaluated whether or not the product (facility) was essential. In my opinion Aspen case has a great importance where the Supreme Court did not consider the essential facilities doctrine instead the justific ation for a monopolist resfusal to deal with a rival. ASPEN CASE- REFUSAL TO DEAL WHAT IS MONOPOLY POWER? In the event that one firm has the majority of the market share and that one firm can determine the conditions of the market as being in a dominant position, it is worth to note that this firm has monopoly power, which can in practice use this power to determine the conditions that can have a negative impact on the smaller competitors. The US Antitrust Law prohibits the monopolies unless they are are not as a result of a natural success or superior product of a firm (legitametely gained monopoly). In other words, it is fair to say that the general standard under Sherman Act is that the criter of harm the rival and competition will be considered exclusionary conduct by a monopolist, for which sanctions were foreseen by the Sherman Act. DOES A MONOPOLY POWER FIRM HAVE THE DUTY TO ENGAGE IN BUSINESS WITH A COMPETITOR? Section 2 prohibits any concerted and unilateral conducts that are to acquire monopolies. As emphasized by RIEVMAN, due to a lack of a clear definition of an unilateral and anticompetitive conduct in the Act itself, the courts usually define and formalize the elements for an anticompetitive behaviour on a case by case basis (RIEVMAN, 2012).[12] As briefly mentioned above in the Colgate case the court concluded that if a monopolist did not intent to maintain monopoly, its can freely decide whether to deal or with whom to deal. Mostly after the Colgate Case, US Supreme courts adopted the same apporac. Similarly, in Lorain Journal and Aspen Case, the Courts and besides leading scholars revealed that the there is a duty to aid a rival unless a monopolist did not have a valid reason for refusal.[13] Therefore, the entrepreneur has the right to exercise independent discretion in choosing the customers or class of customers with whom he will deal unless this right to choose the customer e xcludes competition.[14] In Aspen Case it was decided that the offense of monopolization has two element as similarly explained in United States v. Grinnell Corp. that is to say if a firm has a monopoly power in the market who uses this power to create monopoly power which is not an outcome of a superior product or business of this firm. These elements set out by the vested practice of the US Supreme Courts decision determines the boundaries of the monopolization which will be considered as a violation of law. In a sense, the refusal to cooperate with a rival can be anticompetitive only under the above mentioned circumstances which is more basically the intent of the monopolist. The Court of Appeal in the Aspen Case took the same approach. The Court of Appeal emphasized that a monopolists intent should be taken into account when determining whether the challenged conduct is fairly characterized as exclusionary, anticompetitive, or predatory.[15] Unless there is a valid reas on for a monopoly power firm to refuse to deal with a rival, it will not be considered as a violation of Sherman Act Section 2, which shall be evaluated by examining the the firmss intent. Aspen Skiing was not able to support its position that it had a valid business reason when discontinuing to sell a joint marketing product launced and developed by both of the Parties. Aspen Skiing became the only ski resort that could offer a multiare ski-ticket to its visitos. Aspen Highlands had a great interest in continuing to sell the all-Aspen tickets and Aspen Skiings insistence first on a fixed percentage of the market share of the revenues from these tickets and secondy cancelling a long-lasted practice between the Parties. Without being able to sell tickets to the other mountains, Aspen Highlands market sahere and revenues declined where at the same time Aspen Skiings shares increased sharply. Aspen Skiings refusal for a 4 area-mountain ticket also had adverse affect on the skiers as well. Appeal Courts decision was later affirmed by the Supreme Court where it rendered that Aspen Skiing had monopolized the market in Aspen. The Supreme Court clerarly stated no monopolist monopolizes unconscious of what he is doing by making reference to  Borks book where he stated that improper exclusion that are not a consequence of a superior business or products is always intended therefore the intend shall be investigated (BORK, 1978). In the actual case, the Supreme Court cocluded that Aspen Skiing did not only rejected to contiune a joint marketing program long lasting between in the Parties but is actually without a valid reason stopped the availability of a tiket that was preferred by the skiers.[16] Therefore paralel to the Supreme Courts decision one can argue that Aspen Skiings decision to terminate the all-Aspen wa to determine the conditions of the market and harm the other competitor in the market. Not only to the rival competitor, also consumers were also affected by Aspen Skiings unilateral decision. The Supreme Court concluded that where a firm with monopoly power attempts to create monopoly power by restraining the competition in the market with our efficiency concerns, it will be considered a violation of Section 2. If one should examine the consequences of Aspen Highlands refusal to deal. For whatwever the reason is the strong demand of the skiers for all-Aspen ticket formed over the years, which remained unreciprocaed. Aspen Skiing cancelled a product that allowed the skiers to be flexibale about the mountain to ski each day which was preferred by the the majotiy of the skiers. Besides the consumers, due to Aspen Skiings pattern of conduct on Highlands together with the additional actions taken by Aspen Skiing Aspen Highlands was prevented from marketing its own product to compete with Aspen Skiing and therefore survive in the market. The Court indicated that underlying norm of efficieny was not met as a result of which i t is not fair to say that there is a proper exclusion of the monopolist. Aspen Skiing refusal to deal with Aspen Highland was to enforce a power to exclude the competition in the relevant market and could not be explained by a any valid business reason. I belive that the Supreme Courts decision was right in this respect when considering the reason for termination of the multi area tickets by Aspen Skiing. The reason was that Aspen Skiing was not happy with the accuracy of the ticket monitoring system. However it was later revealed by thevidences before the Supreme Court that Aspen Skiing itself monitored the use of the 3-area passes based on the same system which it claimed to be unproper during the cancellation of the joint product.[17] Therefore this is enough to have a clear indication that Aspen Skiing was enjoying to exclude competition in the market by hamparing a smaller rival. [18] As emphasized by the Supreme Court if there was any valid reason for the refusal then Aspen Sk iing would not be considered to be violating Section 2. Because having a monopoly power alone is not a base for a violation instead the conduct itself is important. One should consider whether the conduct namly the refusal of the monopoist to deal is to handicap competitior and whether it benefits the consumers by this conduct, which is definitely not the case in the instant case.[19] When considering the above, parallel to the Supreme Courts decision, I am of the understanding that the monopolist made an effort to hinder the skiers (customers) to prefer the smaller rival for skiing services and it had no valid reason when doing so. Therefore the monopolist conduct in an anticompetitive or exclusionary way for instance by harming a rival to get higher profit in the market shall be illegal. In other words there are limits of a right of a competitors refusal to deal. These limits are vested in the rivals ability to find new customers and make higher profits. This will be conside red sucessful competition.[20] Therefore as emphasized in many US Supreme Court decision a monopolist right to refuse to deal with a rival competitor is not unqauntified.[21] It may give rise to a responsibility unless there is any valid reason to do so. In Lorain Journal Case it was concluded by the Supreme Court that a refusal to deal with a competitor can harm this smaller competitors right to select his customers and therefore make benefit in the market. In Lorain Journal case the publisher was considered to be in an attempt to monopolize the market by trying to destroy its small competitor which was a radio station when refusing to sell advertising to persons that patronized the radio station. Finally, in my opinion, In Aspen Case, Aspen Skiing refusal of continuing a joint marketing product with Aspen Highlands resulted in a wane of Aspen Highlands share in the relevant market. The Court is right in concluding that although there is no general duty to deal with a competi tior, monopolists refusal to sell a joint ticket program with its rival should be considered as illegal to the extent that this refusal has no valid reason and harms the small competitor(s). CONCLUSION A monopolist duty to deal is considered by case by case approach. As emphasized by many US Supreme Court cases, monopolisy duty to deal with the competitor depends wherher monpolist has a valid reason for that refusal. In Aspen Case, Aspen Skiings conduct was to maintain a monopoly without a valid business reason. When considering the essential nature of the All-Aspen Ticket featuring access to all four maountiains Aspen Skiings refusal to deal with Aspen Highlands, had limited its facilites to offer its visitors. In my opinion within the framework of the objectives of the competition and consumer welfare, if a monopolists refusal to deal harms the smaller competitor and also the consumer, which will be negatively effected by the refusal, this should be considered as violatio n of Sherman Act if there is no valid reason to refuse and one will be able to argue that a monopoly power firm then has a duty to cooperate with its rival. REFERENCES KUSSE, Kathryn A., Refusal to Deal as a Per Se Violation of the Sherman Act: Russel Stover Attacks the Colgate Doctrine, (1984) Retrieved from https://www.americanuniversitylawreview.org/pdfs/33/33-2/kusske.pdf RIEVMAN, David M., Boston College Law Review, Volume 28, Issue 2, Number 2, Article 7, 3-1-1987, The Grinnell Test of Monopolization Sounds a False Alarm: Aspen Skiing Co. v. Aspen Highlands Skiing Corp. (1987) KÃÆ'„SEBERG, Thorsten Intellectual Property, Antitrust and Cumulative Innovation in the EU and the US, p.187 (2012) KAPEN Alon Y., Duty to Cooperate Under Section 2 of the Sherman Act Aspen Skiings Slippery Slope, Cornell Law Review Volume 72 Issue 5 July 1987 Article 5 ELHLAUGE Einer, GERADIN Damien, Global Competition Law and Economics, 2011, p. 425 R. BORK, The Antitrust Pa radox (1978) CASE REFERENCES Aspen Skiing Co. v. Aspen Highlands Skiing Corp., 472 U.S. 585 (1985) United States v. ColgateCo., 250 U.S. 300 (1919) Lorain Journal v. United States, 342 U.S. 143, 154 (1951) United States v. Citizens Southern National Bank 422 US 86 1 [1] KUSSE, p. 463 (1984) [2] Colgate, 250 U.S. at 307 [3] Parties had a interchangable ticket program which gives acces to all of the four mountains for the skiers visiting these resorts. [4] Aspen, 472 U.S. 585, at 610-11 [5] Id. at 591; ELHAUGE/GERADIN, p. 415 [6] Id. at 593 [7] Id. at 593 [8] Id. at 590 [9] BORK, p. 344 [10] Id. at 603 [11] ELHAUGE/GERADIN, 447. 415 [12] RIEVMAN (2012), p.415 [13]Lorain Journal v. United States; Verizon vs. Trinko, ifra 524 [14] JONES/ SUFRIN, p.524 [15] Id. at 602-04 [16] Id at 603 [17] Id at 608-10. [18] Id at 608-10. [19] Id at 597 [20] United States v. Citizens Southern National Bank 422 US 86 [21] Id. at 602

The Movement Of The Negro World - 1407 Words

Introduction In a decade’s time, Marcus Moziah Garvey entered United States, at the age of 28, and cultivated the American Negro through his oratory that is seen as the awaken of Black Nationalism. Garvey’s work does not end in America, he’s efforts were world-wide but not limited to Africa to Nova Scotia, and South America. It has been stated that Garvey raised more money and grew a membership than any other Negro organization to date. Coined as the Black Moses, Garvey’s stated â€Å"I know no national boundary where the Negro is concerned. The whole world is my province until Africa is free.† Garvey evoke the message to his listeners that black skin was not to be shamed but black skin exemplifies national greatness. It is stated that his†¦show more content†¦I wish to further analyze how the organizing strategy with the United Negro Improvement Association has been utilized, its impact, strengths and weaknesses of the approach, contemporary relevance, and implications for practice. Biography Marcus Garvey was born to Marcus and Sarah Garvey, on August 17, 1887 in a little town named St. Ann’s Bay in Jamaica. Hoping that one day her new born son would lead his people, his mother, Sarah, wanted to make his middle name Moses. Garvey’s father was not a religious man, but comprised with Moziah as Garvey’s middle name. His parents were of the unmixed Negro stock, and his father was of the Maroons. Maroons were descendants of Africans who fought and escaped from slavery and established free communities in the mountainous interior of Jamaica during the era of slavery. Marcus Garvey was recognized a glorified as a full-blooded black man with no taint of a white in his blood. Marcus Garvey was the youngest of eleven children. Most of his siblings died young. Marcus and his sister, Indiana, were the only two to live to maturity. The family were very well-off; however, Garvey Sr. experienced some misfortune and lost most of his property. At the age of 14, Marcu s Garvey was forced to quit school and begin working. It was too at this age that Garvey describe the first moment he heard of the term,

Aid of Project Management Methodology †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Aid of Project Management Methodology. Answer: Introduction Project Management is a discipline that provides the guidelines and measures to the Project Managers for efficient management of the projects, its resources, requirements and stakeholders. There are several methodologies that have been defined for project management, such as Projects In Controlled Environment (PRINCE2), Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK), agile framework for project management and many more. Each of these methodologies has its own set of features, pros and cons. The applicability of a project management methodology to a project is based on numerous factor such as the project size, requirements, resources, critical areas, risk areas etc. The project which is required to be managed with the aid of project management methodology is the project costing bespoke system. There are various phases that are involved in the project like project development, procurement of hardware, implementation and testing, training of users, go live and review of deliverables. Project Management Methodologies Project Management Body of Knowledge Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) is a project management methodology that organizes the entire project management activities and tasks in five process groups. These process groups include initiation, planning, execution, control and closure (Rose, 2013). The first process group is the project initiation. In this stage, the project is defined at a broad level. The feasibility of the project is evaluated in this stage of the project with the aid of feasibility studies on technical, economical, operational and environmental aspects. A charter document is prepared in this stage to gain approval from the stakeholders on the project go-ahead. The second process group is project planning. It is the phase in which the project goals are defined which shall be SMART (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Timely) goals. There are a number of planning tasks and activities that are carried out in this stage. These include the project estimations in terms of project budget, project schedule, risk assessment, communication planning and resource planning. The scope of the project is defined in this project group with the aid of the scope statement. The list of deliverables and milestones is also defined (Randolph, 2014). The third process group include the project execution that begins with a kick off meeting. The procurement of the tools and equipment is done followed by the design and developmental activities. The plans created in the previous stage are executed in this stage. The next process group include the monitoring and control of the project. It is this stage in which implementation of the project along with the testing of the same is performed. There may be many changes that may come up during the project in terms of the change in the project requirements and specifications along with changes for the project team members. These changes are also managed in this stage. The performance of the resources is also evaluated in this phase and the performance measurement is carried out in this phase. Project control and evaluation is carried out in this stage with the aid of processes as reviews, inspections and walkthroughs (Chou Yang, 2012). The last process group includes the closure of the project. All of the project deliverables are accepted and signed off in this stage by the project stakeholders. The process groups also include the system documentation along with the development of the closure report. The report covers all of the project activities that are carried out during the project life cycle. There are a number of knowledge areas that are managed under PMBOK. Some of the knowledge areas cover integration management, scope management, time management, cost management, communication management, risk management, resource management and likewise. These knowledge areas provide the specific guidelines that shall be followed during the management and organization of a particular project (Jamali Oveisi, 2016). Agile Project Management Another project management methodology that is widely applicable is the adaptive methodology using agile framework. The nature of this project methodology is adaptive whereas most of the other project management methodology are predictive in nature. Agile project management is an ad-hoc project management methodology that is value based in nature. There are no project stages or defined phases that are included under this management methodology. However, there are certain steps that shall be followed under this particular project management framework. It is a value driven approach for project management that allows the project managers to deliver the project deliverables with better quality and accuracy (Juricek, 2014). In the agile project management, there is SCRUM framework that is used. In this framework, there is a product backlog that is present that comprises of all of the project related requirements and specifications. This backlog is created with the aid of the project owner. The management process is carried out in an iterative manner in a series of sprints. Each of these sprints lasts for 2-4 weeks and the managerial activities are accordingly carried out. There are three sets of planning activities that are involved in each of these sprints viz. project level planning, release level planning and iteration level planning (Indelicato, 2016). The planning activities allow the project team members to get details around the project specifications and highlights, project schedule along with the planning regarding the execution of the work sets. There is also a daily sprint meeting that is carried out among all the team members that includes the discussion of the project progress and also aids in the resolution of the project risks and conflicts. There are a number of benefits that are offered by agile project management in terms of its ad-hoc nature. There may be cases during the project life cycle wherein it may become necessary to make sudden changes and modifications. Such changes can be handled with ease using the agile project management methodology. Also, the customers and project owners are kept in close contact during the entire project life cycle. It makes sure that all of the processes being carried out at the managerial level are informed to all the project stakeholders and their valuable feedback is also collected (Rasnacis Berzisa, 2015). The user and customer satisfaction level that is earned using agile project management and its application is usually high. Comparison between PMBOK Agile Project Management Parameter PMBOK Agile Project Management Type Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) is a methodology for the management of the projects Agile project management is a framework for the management of the projects Management Team Responsibilities The primary responsibility and accountability for the management of the project tasks and activities is on the Project Manager. The primary responsibility of the project management is on the SCRUM master and there are self-managed teams and groups that are involved. Phases and Steps The entire project management activities and tasks in five process groups. These process groups include initiation, planning, execution, control and closure. The management process is carried out in an iterative manner in a series of sprints. Each of these sprints lasts for 2-4 weeks and the managerial activities are accordingly carried out (Gemunden, 2015). Flexibility Change Management The project tasks and activities that are managed as per PMBOK methodology are less flexible in nature. The change control method is also not very flexible and there is a lot of rework that is normally associated with the projects (Matos Lopes, 2013). The level of flexibility that is involved in this case is extremely high. The changes can be easily incorporated in the projects and there is also minimal rework involved. Level of Planning There is an extensive planning that is involved for the entire project that includes project estimations in terms of project budget, project schedule, risk assessment, communication planning and resource planning. The scope of the project is defined in this project group with the aid of the scope statement. The list of deliverables and milestones is also defined. There are three sets of planning activities that are involved in each of the sprints viz. project level planning, release level planning and iteration level planning. Monitoring Activities The project meetings take place on a weekly basis and the monitoring activities are carried out using additional mechanisms such as daily or weekly status reporting. There is a daily sprint meeting that is carried out among all the team members that includes the discussion of the project progress and also aids in the resolution of the project risks and conflicts (Dalcher, 2011). Advantages The methodology is easy to understand and apply as the phases are clearly defined along with the definition of the roles, responsibilities and all the knowledge areas (Saleh Al-Freidi, 2015). It provides a standard process and mechanism for the management of project activities and associated steps. The management methodology is recognized at the global level which makes it easier for the project clients to represent the project at a global scale. The changes can be easily made in the projects leading to the ability to meet the budget and schedule that is estimated for the project. The project quality is high as the business value is kept as the prime focus. The customers and project owners are kept in close contact during the entire project life cycle. It makes sure that all of the processes being carried out at the managerial level are informed to all the project stakeholders and their valuable feedback is also collected. It leads to better customer and stakeholder engagement and satisfaction levels (Serrador Pinto, 2015). Set of Challenges This management methodology may not be applicable in the projects that may be changing frequently. The flexibility and the adaptability is limited in this case. The success criteria is not clearly defined and stated which may make it difficult to track the project success. Ongoing business input is required in this case. Applicability for the Project The project costing bespoke system that has to be developed includes a number of phases as project development, procurement of hardware, implementation and testing, training of users, go live and review of deliverables. There are certain risks that are associated with the project in terms of variation in the quality of the deliverables, schedule and cost overrun, communication conflicts, testing issues, dissatisfied users and damage to the PCs or the servers. The probability of all of these risks is high in the case of this project (Attarzadeh Ow, 2008). There are lesser scope of major changes in the project that may take place. Also, it is extremely necessary to stick to the timeline and the budget that has been estimated. The quality of the deliverables as promised during the planning stage along with the completion of each of the project phases is also necessary. As per the factors associated with the project, the applicable project management methodology that has been recommended for this project is Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK). This project management methodology would make sure that all of the project requirements, specifications and expectations are met (Joslin Muller, 2015). There will also be a number of benefits that will be offered by PMBOK to this project. The set of benefits include the ease of application and understanding as the phases are clearly defined along with the definition of the roles, responsibilities and all the knowledge areas. The Project Manager will have the guidelines and step of actions in case of the project risks and conflicts. There are a number of knowledge areas that are managed under PMBOK. Some of the knowledge areas cover integration management, scope management, time management, cost management, communication management, risk management, resource management and likewise. Conclusion Project management has become a necessary and essential area to be looked after during the project life cycle in the business organizations. It is because of the reason that there ae numerous projects that are required to be managed by the members of the staff at the same time. There are also numerous requirements that are required to be included during the project life cycle. The management methodologies make it easy to attain the project specifications and requirements and also it becomes easier to achieve the project goals and objectives. The selection of the project management methodology shall depend upon the nature and type of the project along with the project factors, such as project resources, project deliverables, project specifications etc. The customer satisfaction levels, type of the customer, nature of the customer, expected project quality along with the scope of changes in the project shall also be considered while making the selection for the project management methodology. References Attarzadeh, I., Ow, S. (2008). New Direction in Project Management Success: Base on Smart Methodology Selection. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1628611 Chou, J., Yang, J. (2012). Project Management Knowledge and Effects on Construction Project Outcomes: An Empirical Study. Project Management Journal, 43(5), 47-67. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmj.21293 Dalcher, D. (2011). Project management the agile way: Making it work in the enterprise. Project Management Journal, 42(1), 92-92. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmj.20229 Gemunden, H. (2015). Foundations of Project Management Research: Stakeholders and Agile. Project Management Journal, 46(6), 3-5. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmj.21557 Indelicato, G. (2016). Agile for Project Managers. Project Management Journal, 47(1), e4-e4. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmj.21569 Jamali, G., Oveisi, M. (2016). A Study on Project Management Based on PMBOK and PRINCE2. Modern Applied Science, 10(6), 142. https://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v10n6p142 Joslin, R., Muller, R. (2015). Relationships between a project management methodology and project success in different project governance contexts. International Journal Of Project Management, 33(6), 1377-1392. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2015.03.005 Juricek, J. (2014). Agile Project Management Principles. Lecture Notes On Software Engineering, 172-175. https://dx.doi.org/10.7763/lnse.2014.v2.117 Matos, S., Lopes, E. (2013). Prince2 or PMBOK A Question of Choice. Procedia Technology, 9, 787-794. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2013.12.087 Randolph, S. (2014). Maximizing Project Value: A Project Manager's Guide. Project Management Journal, 45(2), e2-e2. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmj.21399 Rasnacis, A., Berzisa, S. (2015). Adaptation of Agile Project Management Methodology for Project Team. Information Technology And Management Science, 18(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/itms-2015-0019 Rose, K. (2013). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide)-Fifth Edition. Project Management Journal, 44(3), e1-e1. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmj.21345 Saleh Al-Freidi, S. (2015). A Unified Project Management Methodology (UPMM) based on PMBOK and PRINCE2 protocols: foundations, principles, structures and benefits of the integrated approach. International Journal Of Business Policy And Strategy Management, 2(1), 27-38. https://dx.doi.org/10.21742/ijbpsm.2015.2.03 Serrador, P., Pinto, J. (2015). Does Agile work? A quantitative analysis of agile project success. International Journal Of Project Management, 33(5), 1040-1051. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2015.01.006

Termite Lab free essay sample

The effect of pens on the Reticulitermes flavipes termite Abstract This experiment was constructed to determine which type of writing utensil the termites were most attracted to and why. The experiment was performed by placing two separate circles (one red papermate and one lead pencil) on a piece of paper to see what line is favored by the termite. The termite was placed on the lead pencil path first, and then on the red papermate pen path to count how many seconds the termite remained on or followed the pathway.The termite stayed on the red papermate line for a much more significant time than on the lead pencil line. â€Å"The presence of insect pheromones that chemically control the behavior of highly specialized social insect species has been well documented†¦The substance (pheromone), when streaked across the surface of a solid object, creates a trail following response in termite workers allowing them to follow the exact streak† (Tai, Matsumura, and Coppel, 1969). We will write a custom essay sample on Termite Lab or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This shows that the papermate pen contains the substance pheromone or something similar.Because of the pheromone the termite was able to follow the papermate pen marking much better than the lead pencil marking. Introduction Pheromone is any chemical substance released by an animal that serves to influence the physiology or behavior of other members of the same species. Red papermate pens let off this pheromone. This means that when the termite was placed on the papermate line there was already pheromone present, and every time the termite touched the line even more pheromone was let out which increases the chances of the termite following the red papermate line.The Tschinkel and Close article from 1972 supports this by saying â€Å"The trails are not polarized and there is a quantitative relation between the number of termites laying the trail and the fraction of test the termites with follow correctly. Workers reinforce the trails†¦Ã¢â‚¬  On another note the lead pencil wh ich does not give off the pheromone is less likely to be found or even followed by the termites. In this study the amount of time the Reticulitermes flavipes stayed on the red papermate line was directly compared to the amount of time the termite stayed on the lead pencil line, to see which line the termite was most attracted too.Before doing the actual experiment using several different colors and brands of pens, markers, and pencils circles were drawn on a piece of white computer paper to see how the Rericulitermes flavipes termites would react to all the different colors and textures. Even though this had nothing to do with the actual experiment it still opened eyes to the point of the actual experiment, which was finding of whether the termite was more captivated by the red papermate pen or the lead pencil.Everything above supports the hypothesis that the Rericulitermes flavipes termite will follow the red papermate pen, which gives off a pheromone, and will not follow the lead pencil, which doesn’t give off a pheromone. Methods Using seven (7) different pens and mak ers, all of different brands and colors, there were several circles, or paths drawn on a plain printer ready white sheet of paper. Once all the markings had been placed on the paper a Reticulitermes flavipes termite was placed on a path to see if it would follow the line created with the pen or marker.Each time the termite was centered on the paper it headed directly toward the red papermate pen path. These sequences were repeated 6 times and every time the termite would do the exact same things as the first time, search for the red pen marking. Next a plain piece of paper was placed and the only thing drawn on it was one circle with a lead pencil and one circle with a red papermate pen. During each of five (5) trials a different Reticulitermes flavipes was used.In the course of the first trial the termite was placed on the red papermate pen path, timing the termite with a stop watch, the insect stayed on the path for the complete thirty seconds. Then the same termite was placed on the pencil path, and stayed for a total of zero seconds. During the second trial a new termite was placed on the red papermate pen line it also stayed on the path for the maximum thirty seconds. Later the same termite was placed on the lead pencil path and reacted just like the first termite, walked away from the pencil path. It was very odd that during the third trial the termite did react to the lead pencil circle for 10 (ten) seconds, meaning it followed the path of the pencil for that time. In the fourth and fifth trial the termite did the same thing as the first and second termites they followed only the red papermate pen path and walked away from the lead pencil circle. Results The table below shows all the results from the experiment and even some extra information. The table displays the mean of the times the termites stayed on the pencil and papermate circles.

Diffusion and Osmosis Lab Report Essays

Diffusion and Osmosis Lab Report Essays Diffusion and Osmosis Lab Report Paper Diffusion and Osmosis Lab Report Paper We therefore concluded that only small molecules like glucose and iodine can permeate through the bag, starch is too large. Introduction This lab has several key objectives. First, to learn about diffusion and osmosis, and the different factors that affect the rate at which these processes take place. In order for cells to maintain a stable state, they must be able to regulate the particles that move through the cytoplasm, and across its membranes. Diffusion and osmosis are the two physical processes that insure these things take place for the cells to operate smoothly. Second, to gain a better understanding of he role of selectively permeable membranes in osmosis, and to learn about the significance of hypotonic, isotonic, or hypersonic solutions in relation. It is even possible to reversing osmosis! This process is used as method of water purification because it enables salt and wastes to be permeated out of the fresh water (Ginsberg, Middlebrows, 1986). Most importantly, the purpose of this lab was to learn to apply these concepts to the cellular and environmental levels that we encounter in everyday life. Here are the specific points to each experiment. The purpose of this experiment was to observe the carmine particles in motion in order to gain a better understanding of the Brownian movement and the role of kinetic energy in diffusion. Brownian motion and diffusion can play a major role in the transportation of different particles in many different cellular processes. One example is that diffusion carries acting monomers to the site where they polymeric into F-acting- the framework for the cytokines in plants and animals! (Asks 1989). B. Potato Core experiment The purpose of this experiment was to try to estimate the similarity of the potato tuber tissue after submersing it in a series of sucrose solutions with different molarities. The solution in which the incubated potato has the smallest change in weight will be approximately equal to the similarity of the potato. We hypothesized that the similarity of the potato would be 0. MM. Based on this hypothesis, we predicted that if the similarity of the potato were 0. 3, then the percent weight change would be (almost) zero. Cells are primarily composed of water, and are termed selectively permeable since they allow water to move freely through the cytoplasm, but block the flow of macromolecules (Morgan, Carter 2005). Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute/high water concentration (hypotonic) to an area of high solute/low water concentration (hypersonic). Osmotic pressure is the force that can be applied to prevent water from flowing in this fashion (Morgan, Carter 2005). A thorough understanding of these concepts is crucial in the medical field because all intravenous solutions administered to a patient must be isotonic, or have the same osmotic pressure as those of bodily fluids. (Trot 2008). If a certain solution or medication administered was hypotonic to the patients body fluids, too much water would flow into the cells, which would cause them o burst or undergo Allis. Likewise, if a patient is given a hypersonic IV, the cells would shrink (create) because water would flow out of the cell. (Trot, 2008). Figure 1 shows this concept applied to red blood cells. Solute concentration is also important for the survival of plants. If plant cells lost too much water, they would die. This is why salting fields was a common, devastating war tactic because it would kill the crops in the field and create major food shortages! (The Biology Corner). Figure 1. Red Blood Cells in different concentrations of solutions. The purpose of this experiment was to simulate the permeability of cell membranes to glucose, starch, and iodine using dialysis tubing. Using the Iodine test we were able to detect the presence of starch, and Benedicts reagent denoted the presence of glucose. We knew that the dialysis bag would allow some small substances to pass through it, but stop the larger molecules. Therefore, we hypothesized that glucose and starch would be able to pass through the dialysis bag, but that iodine would be too large to permeate through. We based our prediction on our hypothesis as follows: If glucose and starch can pass through the dialysis tubing, then the contents in the beaker will turn black ND Benedicts test will be positive outside the bag. Materials ; Methods A. Plant and Animal Cell Diffusion and Osmosis (Morgan, Carter 2010) First, we examined the particles of carmine powder in an effort to better understand the Brownian movement, and the effect that the motion of the particles has on diffusion . Our class split up into groups of two; my partner set up the compound light microscope, while I prepared the carmine slide. We then observed the movement of carmine particles under the microscope, first with low power, and then on high power, and recorded the results. B. Potato Core Experiment (Morgan, carter 201 0) First, we estimated the similarity of potato tuber cells by measuring the change in the potatos weight after they were incubated in various concentrations of sucrose solutions (0. 1, 0. 2, 0. 3, 0. 4, 0. 5, 0. 6 M). First, we obtained mall of distilled water, and mall of each sucrose solution-which we placed in separate mall beakers. We then used a cork borer to extract 7 cylinders of potato. We then cut them all to about 5 CM long, and removed the skin from the ends. We placed all seven potato samples in a covered Petri dish so they would not dry out. For consistency, we assigned each person their own, separate task to reform to each potato cylinder. First, one person removed the potato cylinder from the Petri dish and used a paper towel to blot. Then another person placed the potato on aluminum foil on the balance, weighed to the nearest 0. 01 grams, and recorded our results. Next, another group member cut the cylinder in half vertically and placed the pieces into the water beaker (recording the time). We then repeated the previous steps with the remaining potato cylinders, placing each one in separate beakers containing the various molarities of sucrose solutions. We let each sample incubate for about 1. To 2 hours, swirling each beaker every 10 to 15 minutes. At the end of the incubation, we removed the potato samples, and recorded the time. Starting with the first sample, we removed the potato pieces and blotted with a paper towel to remove any excess solution. We then reweighed the potato pieces and recorded the final weight. We repeated this procedure with all of the remaining samples in the order in which they were initially placed in the solutions and recorded the results. C. Dialysis Tubing Experiment (Morgan, Carter 2010) We tested the permeability of dialysis tubing to starch and glucose using the iodine test and Benedicts test . First, my partner and I prepared the dialysis bag by folding over CM of the tubing after it had soaked in water for a few minutes, and then closed the top off with a rubber band. We then opened the opposite end of the bag, and added approximately ml (4 pipettes full) of 30% glucose solution. We then added the same amount of starch solution. Next, we held the bag closed and thoroughly mixed the contents, and then recorded the color. Next, we rinsed the outside of the bag with water. We then added mall of water to a mall beaker, and added a generous amount of iodine solution to the eater until it turned a yellow/amber color (and recorded the color). Next, we placed the bag into the beaker with water for 30 minutes, allowing the untied end to hang over the edge of the beaker. After about 30 minutes, we took the bag out and let it sit for another 30 minutes in an empty, dry beaker, and recorded the color of the solution in the bag and in the beaker. Next, we tested for the presence of reducing sugars using Benedicts test. We labeled 3 test tubes: bag, beaker, and control. We put 2 pipettes of the bag solution into the bag tube, 2 pipettes of the beaker solution into the beaker tube, and pipettes of water into the water tube. We then added 1 full dropper of Benedicts reagent to each tube, placed the tubes in a boiling water bath for about 3 minutes, and then recorded our results Results In the first experiment, we examined carmine powder to become more familiar with the Brownian movement by observing particles in motion, and examined various factors that influence diffusion rates. With the microscope on high power, it was apparent that the carmine particles moved around randomly and continuously. It also seemed as though the smaller particles moved at a more rapid rate than the larger particles. B. Potato Core Experiment We placed the potato cores in cups containing different concentrations of sucrose solutions to find out if the potato would gain or loose weight. When the potato was placed in cups containing sucrose molarities of 0. 0-0. 3, the potato gained weight. When placed in sucrose molarities of 0. 5 and 0. 6, the potato lost weight.

Azuria Medical Problems Essays - Medicine, Health Care, Free Essays

Azuria Medical Problems The state-run medical system has collapsed in Azuria, and only rudimentary care is available through NGOs (when they aren't being shot or kidnapped). Statistically there is supposed to be one doctor for every 4,640 people in Azuria. Diarrhea, communicable and parasitic diseases are rampant in the country. Chloroquine-resistant malaria is present in all parts of the country. Larium should be used for chemical prophylaxis. Cholera, dracunculiasis (Guinea worm), cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis, rabies, relapsing fever and typhus (endemic flea-borne, epidemic louse-borne and scrub) are prevalent. Azuria is also receptive to dengue fever, as there have been intermittent epidemics in the past. Meningitis is a risk during the dry season in the savanna portion of the country, from December through March. Schistosomiasis may also be found in the country and contracted through contact with contaminated freshwater lakes, streams or ponds. A yellow fever vaccination certificate is required for all travelers coming from infected areas. There's also a pesky little problem with Tumbu Fly, a local maggot that burrows into human skin, munching on flesh all the way. The larvae grows big enough to rip out flesh before it turns into a fly. Hospital Resources No non-trauma medical care is being delivered at the hospitals. If the needs of those with chronic or acute medical conditions, such as diabetes, are being met, it is likely to be through the efforts of private physicians working out of their private homes in the community. Hospitals provide casualty care to heavily populated portions of the country. Digfer Hospital in Mogadishu has the capacity for about 650 inpatient beds, with an estimated current inpatient census of 1,000 patients. Benadir Hospital in Djibouti City has approximately the same capacity and current census. Medina Hospital in Mogadishu currently holds approximately 400 patients. Hospital needs in the north are served by a team of five Azuri physicians who set up the "Health Emergency Committee" on April 18, 2005. They work out of 27 converted villas, which have been combined to form what is called Karaan Hospital, where most of the emergency surgery takes place. An additional set of 16 villas in the north constitute a collective inpatient ward, Karaan 2, for patients who are convalescing from acute injury. The total number of patients hospitalized in these 45 villas is approximately 5,000 to 6,000 people. For medicines, the Karaan Hospital relies entirely on weekly supplies brought in by the ICRC. The physical condition of the acute care areas of these hospitals is uniformly austere and, with the exception of the casualty and operating areas of Medina Hospital, where the expatriate staff from Mdecins Sans Frontires-France (MSF) have taken over and renovated the most advanced of the city's surgical units, conditions are unsanitary. As the factional fighting prompted urban fighting and then as the intra-clan conflict broke out, makeshift casualty wards were set up in the existing entryway in the other two hospitals in the south during the course of the past year. During this year, both parties to the conflict have looted and destroyed public and private facilities. They have not spared hospitals. Digfer Hospital was particularly hard-hit and stripped almost bare of equipment, furnishings, and supplies. The ICRC had opened a hospital for the care of acutely injured casualties for the north in early February, but after one week of operations, was forced to close it abruptly in the face of active hostilities. (The hospital is operational again; see below). The surgical care structures on the north are even more minimal, since they were built as private homes. With the exception of the acute casualty and surgical areas of Medina Hospital, none of these hospital structures have screens over the windows to keep out flies and other insects. Electricity is available only to the operating areas on an intermittent, limited basis, from locally maintained diesel fueled generators. Running water is infrequent and unclean. There is no oxygen available in the city and no inhalation anesthesia possible. Surgical drapes are scarce or non-existent, depending on the site or hospital. Sterilizers occasionally work and are used according to varying routines and frequency. Much of the surgical equipment in most of the sites is re-used without interim sterilization over a 24-hour period. Casualty and operating areas are mopped down intermittently, depending on the volume of cases arriving in acute condition. Available antibiotics included penicillin and erythromycin; medicine for the prevention of tetanus was in short supply. Medical support can continue to be provided at its current rudimentary level only if the lifeline provided by the ICRC can be maintained. Medical supplies to both sides of the city and food rations for

Reaction to a video Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reaction to a video - Essay Example Little did I know that in the history of America, a Black adolescent could be shot dead for having whistled to a white woman. Before watching this video, this whole racism thing seemed like a melodrama to me but after having seen this video, things have started to make more sense to me and I can now understand why people take racism so seriously. I had not learned about this before probably because I never understood the importance and gravity of the real issue. Basically there is a whole history, and a very tragic and dark history of America when it comes to the people of color in general and the Black people in particular. It would be totally wrong to suggest that circumstances and conditions for the Black Americans today are the same as they were in the 1950s. However, this does not mean that the radical change in the status and acceptability of the Black Americans in America since 1950s has made the study of such videos irrelevant. I think that this topic should definitely be tau ght in the high schools in America even if racial discrimination is not as apparent in the American society today as it was before so that our children and young generation can really understand the seriousness of the issue like I did after watching this video. ... It breaks my heart to see Emmett Till’s mother narrate the tragic account of his only son’s murder at this age. Especially when she says, â€Å"†¦I saw that his tongue was chopped out. I noticed that the right eye was lying on midway his cheek†¦.† (Mobley). At the same time, I feel proud of that brave and courageous lady for having the guts to show his body as such to the world â€Å"I think everybody needed to know what had happened to Emmett Till† (Mobley). The picture of Emmett Till’s mutilated dead body oozes a very strong message that can shake the foundations of the law-making and law-enforcing agencies and organizations of our country. Unfortunate and tragic events like this should not be forgotten and should always be shown to the young generation to instill hatred for racism in their hearts and to motivate them to behave in a civilized manner in the society. This sad event also has some lessons for the young generation; lesson of bravery can be learned from Willie Reed who stood up against the whole crowd of White men and testified how Emmett Till had been killed. Even though Many Till could not get the justice she was looking for, yet the murder of her only son and the trial and then acquittal of the murderers created such a spur both in the national and in the international sphere, that exposed the racist face of America as well as the lack of justice in American institutions and also became the basis of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, ultimately leading to equality of rights between the Black and White Americans. Racism has lost strength in the roots of the society which it had back in the 1950s, but it has not altogether vanished. Even today, several accounts of racism are witnessed in

Attitudes towards Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Attitudes towards Christianity - Essay Example He has several incisive interpretations with regard to slaveholders’ religion. He described them as ‘allegedly Christians who have no worries about isolating and selling some of their own church members. He showcases different slavery styles practiced by native and European Americans. Â  Bibb presents an image of a man trapped between a dilemma of two worlds; a past of slavery and a freedom in the future that he was eagerly awaiting to be part of. Unlike other slave narratives, Henry Bibb showed the value of family through his relentless struggle for freedom. Â  Harriet Wilson uses her epigraph, ‘Our Nig’, to foreground images of blood, distress, crucifixion, and misery that the blacks experienced in the hands of their masters. Mrs. Wilson, unlike her fellow novelists of black origin within that particular decade, was able to underpin her materials a little more readily. This she did by taking a closer adherence to experiences which had details of pain and suffering. This epigraph showcases a horror of how the healthy body Frado is transformed to utmost liability from her toughest asset. She is beaten, tortured and even fractured just because her color was hated upon. Â  A bible (derived from a Latin word Biblia which means books) is made up of Christian scriptures which make up the books in the bible. These books are referred to as canons (a Greek word that refers to norms or rules). Canons contain only the authoritative books hence studied regularly during church sessions. Here the people are taught on the commandments and their importance to Christians. These commandments act as guidelines for the people maintaining a peaceful coexistence amongst them. These commandments are mostly derived from the old testament of the bible. Â  In Henry Bibb’s narrative, we learn that the slaveholders manipulated the scripture in the sense that it benefited them.

PC Vs Mac Essay -- Compare Contrast Personal Computer Macintosh

When purchasing a personal computer, buyers used to grapple with the decision: a Macintosh from Apple Computer or a Microsoft-based PC? Microsoft effectively won that operating system debate years ago and claims more than 90% of the PC operating system market. But in the push to legally sell digital music, Apple and Microsoft, and their incompatible file formats, are at it again. Consumers are in the position of having to choose as hardware makers line up behind either Microsoft or Apple's software format. Hewlett-Packard's recent surprise decision to snub longtime PC partner Microsoft and offer Apple music software on its PCs shows how unpredictable this battle may be. "Microsoft lost the first round of the digital music war," says Phil Leigh, an analyst with research firm Inside Digital Media. Apple's iTunes software "was good enough to persuade (H-P) . . . to switch. That's huge." For now, Dell, which battles H-P for PC market share dominance, promotes music in Microsoft's Windows Media Audio (WMA) format on its computers -- as do most Windows-based PCs. Likewise, most portable music devices sold today -- with the exception of Apple's best-selling and acclaimed iPod -- use Microsoft's format. That means consumers who use portable music players and buy songs from Apple must use the iPod; consumers who purchase from non-Apple online music stores must use portable devices based on Microsoft's format. Adding to the digital disorder: Sony is set this summer to launch yet another music service, Connect, with songs that can be transferred only to Sony devices, such as mini-disc players. "There's a lot of confusion about different formats," says Mike McGuire, analyst with research firm GartnerG2. "But the dig... ...with Pepsi of 100 million songs from iTunes. Will other PC manufacturers follow in H-P's footsteps? Leigh thinks so; Apple wouldn't comment. Only time will tell. Consumers "will decide which format works, and whether that should be Apple's or Microsoft's," McGuire says. TEXT OF INFO BOX BEGINS HERE Dividing up digital music Apple and Microsoft have different formats for digital music. What plays where: Music service Plays on Apple's iTunes Music Apple iPod, Macs and Windows PCs with iTunes or RealPlayer version 10 software. Will soon play on H-P Windows PCs and branded iPods. Musicmatch, Bestbuy.com, Walmart.com, Napster, BuyMusic.com, MusicRebellion.com: PCs with Microsoft's Windows Media Player, Musicmatch, RealPlayer or Winamp software. Digital media players from Dell, Rio Audio, Creative Labs, Gateway, Samsung, iRiver; all Pocket PCs.

Love Triangles and Betrayal in Carmen Essay

The creation of operas from pre-existing literary texts is a complex process implicating the original author, the librettists, the opera directors, the publishers, and the composer. In the process of transformation, the involved parties consider prevailing cultural values as well as their own artistic ideals. These considerations weigh all the more heavily on the process when the literary text involves complex romantic relationships. Georges Bizet’s Carmen (1875), Giuseppe Verdi’s Otello (1887), and Claude Debussy’s Pelleas et Melisande (1902) provide examples of this transformation process. In all three of these works, love triangles figure prominently. These love triangles, though they share some superficial similarities, are extraordinarily different in terms of their composition and the ultimate fate of the characters. Carmen When the directors of the Opera-Comique, a venue with repertoire typically geared towards an extremely conservative, family-oriented, bourgeois audience (McClary, 1992, p. 15-16), commissioned Bizet to write an opera in 1872, Bizet suggested Prosper Merimee’s novel Carmen as a possible subject (Macdonald, 2010). The directors of the Opera-Comique were divided in their support of this work as a subject for an opera. De Leuven, in particular, was against this choice, citing the scandalous nature of the story and the conservative nature of the venue’s target audience as reasons behind his disapproval: â€Å"Carmen! The Carmen of Merimee? Wasn’t she murdered by her lover?†¦ At the Opera-Comique, the theatre of families, of wedding parties? You would put the public to flight. No, no, impossible. † (as cited in Jenkins, 2003). Indeed, it appears that the on-stage death was of particular consternation for the director: â€Å"Death on the stage of the Opera-Comique! Such a thing has never been seen! Never! † (as cited in Nowinski, 1970, p. 895). The choice of Carmen ultimately played a role in de Leuven’s resignation from his post in 1874 (McClary, 1992, p. 23). The source text for Carmen is a novella by Prosper Merimee. The author originally published this work in 1845 in the Revue des deux mondes, a non-fiction journal. The author had previously published travelogues in the same journal, and this work contained no indication that it was a work of fiction (Boynton, 2003). Instead, the work reads as a â€Å"true† story of Merimee’s voyage to Spain in 1830. In the midst of his travels, the author-narrator encounters Don Jose, the man who, after succumbing to Carmen’s seductive powers, kills her in a jealous rage following her confession of a love affair with Lucas. The librettists for Carmen, Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halevy, at the time that they were commissioned to write this work for the Opera-Comique had already successfully worked together as a team on a number of works (including Offenbach’s La Belle Helene and La Vie parisienne) for the Parisian boulevard theatres (McClary, 1992, p. 18). In their previous librettos, the team had split the work: Meilhac wrote the prose dialogue, and Halevy supplied the verse (McClary, 1992, p. 18). In operatic settings, the prose would typically be left as spoken dialogue (for the Opera-Comique) or set as recitative. In transforming Merimee’s novella into a libretto, Meilhac and Halevy made numerous changes. Unfortunately, there is a lack of primary source evidence detailing the minutiae of the collaborative process which would shed further light upon the reasons behind these changes (Jenkins, 2003). These changes include minimizing Carmen’s criminal activities, adding the character of Micaela, and eliminating Merimee’s framing device. The removal of Merimee’s framing device (accomplished by not including a narrator) and the introduction of Don Jose before his downfall make Carmen, and not Don Jose, the focus of the story (Jenkins, 2003). Indeed, the Carmen of the libretto, with her voice not being interrupted by the narrator’s commentary, speaks directly to the audience (McClary, 1992, p. 21). Carmen was composed as a four-act opera comique, originally with spoken dialogue (as opposed to recitative). The dialogue was transformed into recitative by Guiraud for a production in Vienna, and it was performed this way for many years before producers reverted to Bizet’s original spoken text (Macdonald, 2010). Further changes to Merimee’s original resulted from Guiraud’s involvement. Meilhac’s original dialogues at times quoted directly from Merimee’s Carmen, and these instances of direct quotation were largely eliminated in Guiraud’s version (McClary, 1992, p. 45). With the addition of Micaela, the librettists created a moralizing character, the polar opposite of Carmen, with whom the Opera-Comique audiences could readily identify (McClary, 1992, p. 21). The addition of Micaela complicates the love triangle. In Merimee’s original, the love triangle included the characters of Carmen, Don Jose, and Lucas. In the operatic version, both Don Jose and Escamillo are in love with Carmen, and both Carmen and Micaela are in love with Don Jose. The librettists also substantially changed Carmen’s character. Though they downplayed Carmen’s involvement in criminal activities (she is no longer the leader of the smugglers as Merimee portrayed her) arguably in order to make her more sympathetic, they focus almost exclusively on her sexuality (to the exclusion of her healing powers and intelligence as presented in the original) (McClary, 1992, p. 22). Bizet’s music underlines the differences in characters and underlines the complex nature of the interlocking love triangles in the opera. Micaela is presented as a sweet, pure, innocent woman. Her entrance is conventional, and her music is marked by neither intense chromaticism nor indications of exoticism (McClary, 1997, p. 120). Carmen’s entrance, in contrast, disrupts the formal procedures Bizet set up from the beginning of the opera, and her music is largely chromatic and marked with features typically associated with the exotic (McClary, 1997, p. 120). Her music, like her body and personality, is irresistible to any man she sets her sights on. Don Jose’s music is different from that of both of his female admirers. His melodic lines are long, irregularly phrased, and lacking in regular cadences (McClary, 1997, p. 124). Additionally, he, unlike Escamillo, lacks a signature melodic line (McClary, 1997, p. 127). McClary points to the incompatibility of Carmen’s and Don Jose’s musical styles as evidence of the ultimate failure of their relationship. In contrast, Carmen’s brief duet with Escamillo in act four seems sincere because their musical styles are compatible (McClary, 1997, p. 125). Ultimately, Don Jose kills Carmen in a fit of jealousy over her relationship with Escamillo, and Micaela is deprived of her true love as he gives himself up to the police following his murder of Carmen. Otello Though the two Shakespeare aficionados Giuseppe Verdi and Arrigo Boito met as early as 1862, it was not until 1879 that the events leading to the composition of Otello were set in motion (Aycock, 1972, p. 594). The four-act Otello received its premiere on February 5, 1887 in Milan. In transforming the play into opera libretto, Boito eliminated six of the fourteen characters and cut the entire first act (Aycock, 1972, p. 595). Boito also cut Othello’s statement of self-defence following his murder of Desdemona from the end of the play (Aycock, 1972, p. 596). This last cut serves to keep the opera’s focus on the tragic love story. This love story principally revolves around the actions of Othello, Desdemona, and Iago. When the opera opens, Desdemona and Othello are newly married. However, Roderigo (Iago’s friend) still loves Desdemona. Iago, upset with Cassio who has been promoted over him, fabricates proof of Desdemona’s infidelity with Cassio in order to play on Othello’s jealous nature. The proof of this infidelity, in both the play and the opera, is a handkerchief. Othello murders Desdemona, and when he learns that his belief in his wife’s infidelity was mistaken, he kills himself. In this story, both Roderigo and Othello are in love with Desdemona. Given Roderigo’s minimal role in the opera, however, Iago takes his place in the dramatic situation of the love triangle. It is his betrayal and deception that leads to the demise of the two main characters. The end of the first act contains a conventional love duet between Othello and Desdemona. As Aycock (1972, p. 595) remarks, the love between these two principal characters is mature and predicated on confidence in each other’s fidelity. The climax of this love duet, on the words â€Å"un bacio†¦Otello!†¦ un bacio,† features a new melody in the orchestra. This melody reappears only in the last act, most notably when Othello commits suicide (Lawton, 1978, p. 211). The character of Iago in the opera is much more the creation of Verdi and Boito than of Shakespeare. Iago’s Credo, where he proclaims his devotion to a cruel God and admits that he is unquestionably evil, was entirely the invention of Boito (Aycock, 1972, p. 600). For Verdi, the emphasis on this character allowed him to confirm to Italian operatic tradition, which called for a baritone villain role (Aycock, 1972, p. 601). Pelleas et Melisande Maurice Maeterlinck’s play Pelleas et Melisande received its Parisian premiere at the Theatre des Bouffes-Parisiens on May 17, 1893, and Claude Debussy was in attendance (Grayson, 1985, p. 35, 37). By the fall of the same year, he had already begun composing what would later become Act IV scene 4 (Grayson, 1985, p. 37). In the case of this operatic transformation, there was no librettist acting as a middle-man. Instead, Debussy constructed the libretto himself, from Maeterlinck’s original text. The composer remained true to the original play, changing nary a word. He did, however, cut some scenes, and these cuts were made with the Maeterlinck’s authorization. In November 1893, the composer travelled to Ghent to meet with the author, and the two men discussed several possible cuts. Debussy reported to Ernest Chausson that Maeterlinck had given him â€Å"complete authorization to make cuts and even indicated some which were very important, even very useful† (as cited in Grayson, 1985, p. 37). From Maeterlinck’s original play, there were only four scenes that Debussy did not set: Act I scene 1, Act II scene 4, Act III scene 1, and Act V scene 1 (Grayson, 1985, p. 38). These scenes appear to have been cut because they are unrelated to the central narrative, leading to the demise of both Pelleas and Melisande. While Debussy used Maeterlinck’s original text, he did, in some instances, cut some of the text to make the libretto more concise. Act III scene 3, for example, was cut so heavily so that only one third of the original text remained (Grayson, 1985, p. 40). Two further cuts came in 1902. During Pelleas et Melisande’s first season at the Opera-Comique, Debussy was forced to cut one scene from the performances: Act IV scene 3 (Grayson, 1985, p. 39). This almost purely symbolic scene features Yniold (Golaud’s son from a previous marriage). At the end of the scene, Yniold, wishing to share his experiences with Melisande, unwittingly reveals to Golaud that she is not in her room (Grayson, 2003, p. 76) – in essence, he signals her disloyalty to her husband. The scene was reinserted in its second season. Also, at the dress rehearsal, the Director of Fine Arts, censored the work, calling for the suppression of Act III scene 4, a scene where Yniold is forced, by his violent father, to spy on the suspected lovers (Grayson, 2003, p. 80). Pelleas et Melisande begins with Golaud discovering Melisande by a fountain in a forest. She seems to be lost and confused, and she follows Golaud on his wanderings. The two get married in secret and return to the castle of Golaud’s father. There, Melisande meets Golaud’s brother Pelleas, and these two fall in love. In one scene, Golaud happens upon Pelleas caressing Melisande’s hair streaming out from a tower window, and he realizes that his brother has betrayed him. Golaud, blind with jealousy, kills his brother in Act III. At the end of the opera, Melisande also dies, but not before giving birth to a daughter. The plot, then, revolves around the love triangle of Melisande, Golaud, and Pelleas. The unquestioning inclusion of on-stage deaths demonstrates how much the Opera-Comique had changed since the 1875 premiere of Carmen. From the time of Debussy’s first draft of Act IV scene 4 in the fall of 1893, it took almost a decade for the opera to reach the stage of the Opera-Comique. Debussy worked intensely on the opera in 1895 and completed a short score of the opera in August of that year (Grayson, 2003, p. 78). Though he had a completed opera, he had major difficulties finding a suitable venue for the performance of the work. Albert Carre, the director of the Opera-Comique, accepted Pelleas â€Å"in principal† in 1898, but he did not give Debussy written confirmation of the deal until 1901 (Grayson, 2003, p. 79). Though Debussy was ambivalent about Wagnerian leitmotive techniques, he does employ leitmotivs in Pelleas. While most of these leitmotivs are connected to ideas, each major character has his or her own leitmotiv (Nichols and Smith, 1989, p. 81). Melisande’s motive, for example, is comparatively lyrical, wandering, and typically played by oboes or flutes while Golaud’s motive consists of two notes in alteration with a more pronounced rhythmic emphasis. These motives are typically associated with different harmonic fields. Melisande’s melody is pentatonic but is typically harmonized with a half diminished seventh chord (Nichold and Smith, 1989, p. 91). Golaud’s motive, because of its sparse melodic line consisting of only two notes, is more harmonically flexible. Debussy uses it in a variety of harmonic contexts including whole-tone, dorian, and minor. Comparison of Works These three works present a widely diverse picture of operatic life in late nineteenth century France and Italy. In terms of source texts, there is a novella (Carmen), a play in verse (Otello), and a play in prose (Pelleas et Melisande). In two of the cases (Carmen and Otello), neither the composer nor the librettist knew the author of the original literary work. In the case of Pelleas, the composer had direct contact with the original author and constructed the libretto himself. These three operas were then composed in different forms: an opera comique in versions with both spoken dialogue and sung recitative (Carmen), a hybrid of continuous action with set pieces (Otello), and a largely through-composed work with one aria (Pelleas). In each instance, the transformation process reveals that it was not only the librettist and composer who were involved in the opera’s ultimate form: opera directors, publishers, and censors also had some hand in the final product. One shared trait amongst these three works was the need for the librettist to cut considerable amounts of literary material from the original text. This phenomenon is understandable given that it takes a considerably longer period of time to sing a text rather than say it. In choosing sections of texts to cut, the librettists were faced with the challenge of leaving enough of the narrative design so that it would remain comprehensible to the audience. The composer could then use musical devices to fill in some of the gaps that this missing text created. For example, Bizet could use different musical styles to highlight differences in race and class (McClary, 1997). Similarly, Debussy could use different harmonic languages (whole tone, pentatonic, modal) to indicate subtly differences in the quality of light (Nichols and Smith, 1989). A second shared trait is that two of the composers appear to have made decisions based on operatic convention in their composition of the opera. Bizet’s concession to operatic convention takes the form of the introduction of the character of Micaela, a character absent from Merimee’s original but whose presence, as mentioned above, was deemed necessary to make the work suitable for the conservative Opera-Comique audience. Verdi’s concessions are evident in the finale to Act 3, where he asked Boito to alter the libretto to make room for a traditional grand concertato finale (Parker, 2010) as well as in the changes to Iago’s character mentioned above. A third shared trait is that these three works focus on love triangles, with an act of betrayal or jealousy leading to the deaths of one or more of the principal characters. In Carmen, the primary love triangle revolves around Carmen, Don Jose, and Escamillo. In the end, Carmen dies. In Otello, the love triangle of Othello, Desdemona, and Roderigo has a tragic ending with the death of both Othello and Desdemona. Similarly, the Pelleas-Melisande-Golaud triangle results in the death of two of the characters: Pelleas and Melisande. In each case, the composer highlights one of the romantic relationships as being more viable or more sincere than the others. Bizet, as noted, employs different musical styles for each of the characters, with only Escamillo’s language being compatible with Carmen’s. Verdi wrote a traditional love duet for Othello and Desdemona, the sincerity of which is highlighted with its aforementioned reappearance in the final act. Debussy employs a technique similar to that of Bizet: he has Pelleas and Melisande sing together in octaves in Act IV scene 4). The similarities between the presentations of the love triangles stops with this characteristic, for the relationship dynamics within the central triangles are quite different in these works. In Carmen, the title character is both the primary female love interest and the character responsible for the betrayal. She betrays Don Jose’s love for her, however ill-founded it may be, by confessing her love for Escamillo. In contrast to the other operatic heroines studied here, Carmen is a femme-fatale. In Verdi’s Otello, the love between Othello and Desdemona is sincere, and neither one carries on an affair with someone else. The primary reason behind their deaths is Iago’s treachery. However, Othello does, in a sense, betray Desdemona by believing Iago’s lies. His acknowledgment of this betrayal can be seen in his committing suicide. In Debussy’s Pelleas, the guilty party is less clearly identified. Melisande, though she betrays her marriage by falling in love with Pelleas, is not depicted as a femme fatale. Instead, she is presented as an innocent, idealized woman (Smith, 1981, p. 105). Pelleas betrays his brother by having an affair with his wife. Though Debussy, as mentioned above, sympathizes with their love and highlights the love Pelleas and Melisande have for each other by having them sing together in octaves. It appears that these characters are not to be held accountable for their actions because their love was inevitable, foretold in advance by fate. ? References Aycock, R. E. (1972). Shakespeare, Boito, and Verdi. The Musical Quarterly, 58 (4), 588-604. Boynton, S. (2003) Prosper Merimee’s novella Carmen. New York City Opera Project: Carmen. Retrieved from http://www. columbia. edu/itc/music/NYCO/carmen/merimee. html Grayson, D. (1985). The Libretto of Debussy’s Pelleas et Melisande. Music and Letters, 66 (1), 35-50. Grayson, D. (2003). Debussy on stage. In The Cambridge Companion to Debussy. Ed. Simon Trezise. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 61-83. Jenkins, C. (2003). Carmen: The Librettists. New York City Opera Project: Carmen. Retrieved from http://www. columbia. edu/itc/music/NYCO/carmen/librettists. html Lawton, D. (1978). On the ‘Bacio’ theme in Otello. 19th-Century Music, 1 (3), 211-220. Macdonald, H. (2010). Carmen (ii). Grove Online. Retrieved from http://www. oxfordmusiconline. com/subscriber/article/grove/music/O008315? q=carmen&search=quick&pos=22&_start=1#firsthit McClary, S. (1992). Georges Bizet, Carmen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. McClary, S. (1997). Structures of identity and difference in Bizet’s Carmen. In The Work of Opera: Genre, Nationhood, and Sexual Difference. Ed. Richard Dellamora and Daniel Fischlin. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 115-130. Nichols, R. & Smith, R. L. (1989). Claude Debussy, Pelleas et Melisande. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Nowinski, J. (1970). Sense and sound in George Bizet’s Carmen. The French Review, 43 (6), 891-900. Parker, R. (2010). Otello (ii). Grove Music Online. Retrieved from http://www. oxfordmusiconline. com/subscriber/article/grove/music/O003882>. Smith, R. L. (1981).

Impact of the Mongols Essay - 619 Words

Impact of the Mongols The Mongols are the most influential civilization to ever exist in central Asia. They impacted countries all over the world in great ways. The Mongols invaded and impacted four major world powers, the first being the Islamic world. The murder of the Abbasid caliph, one of some 800, 000 people who were reported to have been killed in Mongol retribution for the citys resistance, brought an end to the dynasty that had ruled the core regions of the Islamic world since the middle of the 8th century . Perhaps the greatest long-term impact of the Mongol drive to the west was indirect and unintended. In recent years a growing number of historians have become convinced that the Mongol conquests played a key role in†¦show more content†¦Because trade was dangerous and expensive, there were not many traders, and not much trade. The scarcity of money did not help; however, the European economic system had begun to change in the 14th century, partially as a res ult of the Black Death, and the Crusades. The science of the middle ages was significant in establishing a base for modern science. The renaissance enabled a scientific revolution which let scholars look at the world in a different light. Religion, superstition, and fear were replaced by reason and knowledge. Genghis Khan, created and united the Mongols, who were the world’s biggest empire to date. He conquered china and created the Yuan economic policies and accommodated traditional Chinese practices. Yuan rulers did not try to convert China into the Mongol-style nomadic economy; instead, they advanced agriculture. They restored the she, rural organizations composed of about 50 families, to assist in farming. These organizations also improved flood control, established charity organizations for orphans and widows, and introduced such new crops. 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